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<title>Reconnaissance satellite</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reconnaissance satellite</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">military satellite</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>reconnaissance satellite</b> or <b>intelligence satellite</b> (commonly, although unofficially, referred to as a <b>spy satellite</b>) is an <a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a> or <a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> deployed for <a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military</a> or <a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">intelligence</a> applications.

</p><p>The first generation type (i.e., <a href="Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona</a><sup id="cite_ref-NRO-Corona_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRO-Corona-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Corona_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Corona-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a>) took photographs, then ejected canisters of <a href="Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> which would descend back down into Earth's atmosphere. Corona capsules were <a href="Mid-air_retrieval" title="Mid-air retrieval">retrieved in mid-air</a> as they floated down on <a href="Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>. Later, spacecraft had digital imaging systems and downloaded the images via <a href="Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a> radio links.

</p><p>In the United States, most information available about reconnaissance satellites is on programs that existed up to 1972, as this information has been <a href="Declassification" title="Declassification">declassified</a> due to its age. Some information about programs before that time is still <a href="Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified information</a>, and a small amount of information is available on subsequent missions.

</p><p>A few up-to-date reconnaissance satellite images have been declassified on occasion, or leaked, as in the case of <a href="KH-11" class="mw-redirect" title="KH-11">KH-11</a> photographs which were sent to <i><a href="Jane's_Defence_Weekly" title="Jane's Defence Weekly">Jane's Defence Weekly</a></i> in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-1985-Morison_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1985-Morison-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or US President <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="Donald_Trump_on_social_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Trump on social media">tweeting</a> a classified image of the aftermath of a failed test of Iran's <a href="Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> rocket in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-brumfiel20190830_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brumfiel20190830-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>On 16 March 1955, the <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> officially ordered the development of an advanced reconnaissance satellite to provide continuous surveillance of "preselected areas of the Earth" in order "to determine the status of a potential enemy's war-making capability".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>During the mid-late 1950s, both the United States and the Soviet Union took interest into reconnaissance satellites. The United States began the <a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">CORONA</a> project, which encompassed several series of launches starting in 1959 and ending in 72. This program was made a priority to photograph denied areas, replace the <a href="Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>, and due to public concern about a technological gap between the West and the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was expedited significantly after the shooting of a U-2 in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, a decree that authorized the development of <a href="Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik</a> apparently authorized a program for a satellite to be used for photo reconnaissance. This design evolved into Vostok, while another version became Zenit, which was an unmanned reconnaissance satellite. Zenit was launched from 1961 to 1994, however the last flight in 1994 was as a test payload.

</p><p>Both the CORONA and Zenit satellites had to be recovered in order to access the used film, making them distinct from future reconnaissance satellites that could transmit photos without returning film to earth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div>

<p>There are several major types of reconnaissance satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<dl><dt>Missile early warning</dt></dl>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a> and <a href="Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">Space-Based Infrared System</a></div>

<dl><dd>Provides warning of an attack by detecting <a href="Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> launches. Earliest known are <a href="Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">Missile Defense Alarm System</a>.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Nuclear explosion detection</dt>

<dd><a href="Nuclear_detonation_detection_system" title="Nuclear detonation detection system">Detects nuclear detonation</a> from space. <a href="Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela</a> is the earliest known.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Electronic reconnaissance</dt>

<dd><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a>, intercepts stray <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> waves. <a href="SOLRAD" title="SOLRAD">SOLRAD</a> is the earliest known.<sup id="cite_ref-spy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Optical imaging surveillance</dt>

<dd><a href="Earth_imaging_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth imaging satellite">Earth imaging satellites</a>. <a href="Satellite_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite images">Satellite images</a> can be a survey or close-look <a href="Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a>. <a href="Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona</a> is the earliest known. <a href="Spectral_imaging" title="Spectral imaging">Spectral imaging</a> is commonplace.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Radar imaging surveillance</dt>

<dd>Most <a href="Space-based_radar" title="Space-based radar">space-based radars</a> use <a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic-aperture radar</a>. Can be used at night or through <a href="Cloud_cover" title="Cloud cover">cloud cover</a>. Earliest known are the Soviet <a href="US-A" title="US-A">US-A</a> series.</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions">Missions</h2></div>

<p>Examples of reconnaissance satellite missions:

</p>

<ul><li>High resolution photography (<a href="IMINT" class="mw-redirect" title="IMINT">IMINT</a>)</li>

<li>Measurement and Signature Intelligence (<a href="MASINT" class="mw-redirect" title="MASINT">MASINT</a>)</li>

<li>Communications eavesdropping (<a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a>)</li>

<li>Covert communications</li>

<li>Monitoring of <a href="Comprehensive_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty">nuclear test ban</a> compliance (see <a href="National_Technical_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="National Technical Means">National Technical Means</a>)</li>

<li>Detection of missile launches</li></ul>

<p>On 28 August 2013, it was thought that "a $1-billion high-powered spy satellite capable of snapping pictures detailed enough to distinguish the make and model of an automobile hundreds of miles below"<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-Rocket-2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Rocket-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was launched from California's Vandenberg Air Force Base using a Delta IV Heavy launcher, America's highest-payload space launch vehicle at the time.

</p><p>On 17 February 2014, a Russian Kosmos-1220 originally launched in 1980 and used for naval missile targeting until 1982, made an uncontrolled <a href="Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2></div>

<p>During the 1950s, a Soviet hoax had led to American fears of a <a href="Bomber_gap" title="Bomber gap">bomber gap</a>. In 1968, after gaining satellite photography, the United States' intelligence agencies were able to state with certainty that "No new <a href="ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBM</a> complexes have been established in the USSR during the past year". President <a href="Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> told a gathering in 1967:<sup id="cite_ref-heppenheimer1998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heppenheimer1998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wouldn't want to be quoted on this ... We've spent $35 or $40 billion on the space program. And if nothing else had come out of it except the knowledge that we gained from space photography, it would be worth ten times what the whole program has cost. Because tonight we know how many missiles the enemy has and, it turned out, <a href="Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">our guesses were way off</a>. We were doing things we didn't need to do. We were building things we didn't need to build. We were harboring fears we didn't need to harbor.</p></blockquote>

<p>During his <a href="1980_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1980 State of the Union Address">1980 State of the Union Address</a>, President <a href="Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> argued that all of humanity benefited from the presence of American spy satellites:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...photo-reconnaissance satellites, for example, are enormously important in stabilizing world affairs and thereby make a significant contribution to the security of all nations.</p></blockquote>

<p>Reconnaissance satellites have been used to enforce human rights, through the <a href="Satellite_Sentinel_Project" title="Satellite Sentinel Project">Satellite Sentinel Project</a>, which monitors atrocities in <a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.

</p><p>Additionally, companies such as <a href="GeoEye" title="GeoEye">GeoEye</a> and <a href="DigitalGlobe" title="DigitalGlobe">DigitalGlobe</a> have provided commercial satellite imagery in support of natural disaster response and humanitarian missions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2></div>

<p>Spy satellites are commonly seen in <a href="Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">spy fiction</a> and <a href="Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military fiction</a>. Some works of fiction that focus specifically on spy satellites include:

</p>

<li><i><a href="Enemy_of_the_State_(film)" title="Enemy of the State (film)">Enemy of the State</a></i> (1998)</li>

<li><i><a href="Ice_Station_Zebra" title="Ice Station Zebra">Ice Station Zebra</a></i> (1968)</li>

<li><i><a href="The_OMAC_Project" title="The OMAC Project">The OMAC Project</a></i> (2005)</li>

<li><i><a href="Parmanu%3A_The_Story_of_Pokhran" title="Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran">Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran</a></i> (2018)</li>

<li><i><a href="Patriot_Games" title="Patriot Games">Patriot Games</a></i> (1987)</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">Aerial reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_Support_Program" title="Defense Support Program">Defense Support Program</a> (U.S.)</li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">European Union Satellite Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">List of intelligence gathering disciplines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Kosmos_satellites" title="List of Kosmos satellites">List of Kosmos satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> (U.S.)</li>

<li><a href="Satcom_on_the_Move" title="Satcom on the Move">Satcom on the Move</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141831/http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/">"Corona History"</a>. <i>National Reconnaissance Office]</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/corona/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NASA-Corona-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-Corona_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807195143/http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html">"Corona Program"</a>. <a href="Mission_and_Spacecraft_Library" title="Mission and Spacecraft Library">Mission and Spacecraft Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/Programs/corona.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT-1985-Morison-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1985-Morison_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWrightHerron1985" class="citation news cs1">Wright, Michael; Herron, Caroline Rand (8 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/08/weekinreview/the-nation-two-years-for-morison.html">"Two Years for Morison"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-brumfiel20190830-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brumfiel20190830_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfiel2019" class="citation web cs1">Brumfiel, Geoff (30 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/08/30/755994591/president-trump-tweets-sensitive-surveillance-image-of-iran">"Trump Tweets Sensitive Surveillance Image of Iran"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOberhaus2019" class="citation news cs1">Oberhaus, Daniel (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/trump-tweeted-a-sensitive-photo-internet-sleuths-decoded-it/">"Trump Tweeted a Sensitive Photo. Internet Sleuths Decoded It"</a>. <i>Wired (San Francisco, Calif.)</i>. Wired. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-spy-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spy_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2008/april/navys-spy-missions-space">"The Navy's Spy Missions in Space"</a>. U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421145952/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2008/april/navys-spy-missions-space">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-LATimes-Rocket-2013-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes-Rocket-2013_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHennigan,_W.J.2013" class="citation news cs1">Hennigan, W.J. (27 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/business/money/la-fi-mo-vandenberg-monster-rocket-launch-20130826,0,1005990.story">"Monster rocket to blast off from Pacific coast, rattle Southland"</a>. <i><a href="Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFKupperberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Paul_Kupperberg" title="Paul Kupperberg">Kupperberg, Paul</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fq4iR6xSt_QC"><i>Spy satellites</i></a>. <a href="Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780823938544</bdi>.</cite> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8239-3854-9</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRichelson,_Jeffrey1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jeffrey_T._Richelson" title="Jeffrey T. Richelson">Richelson, Jeffrey</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pmb1GioJEjwC"><i>America's Secret Eyes in Space: the U.S. Keyhole Spy Satellite Program</i></a>. Harper & Row. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780887302855</bdi>.</cite> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88730-285-8</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNorris2008" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Pat (2008). <i>Spies in the Sky: Surveillance Satellites in War and Peace</i>. Berlin; New York: Springer; Chichester, UK: In association with Praxis Publishing. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008spsk.book.....N">2008spsk.book.....N</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154711855">154711855</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/imint/">FAS Intelligence Resource Program – Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/230905b_trans.htm">Iran to Launch first spy satellite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051212182519/http://www.isracast.com/transcripts/230905b_trans.htm">Archived</a> 12 December 2005 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/egyptsat-1.htm">Egyptsat1 (MisrSat 1)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetoday.org/Rockets/Spaceports/Iraq.html">Spaceports Around the World: Iraq's Al-Anbar Space Research Center</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027181013/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/">Military Intelligence Satellites</a> (NASA, remote sensing tutorial)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Earth_reconnaissance_satellites_(excluding_China,_Russia_and_the_United_States)8675" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Earth (excluding China, Russia and the United States)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="France" title="France">France</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="France" title="France"></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="H%C3%A9lios_1B" title="Hélios 1B">Hélios IA & IB</a></li>

<li><a href="Helios_2_(satellite)" title="Helios 2 (satellite)">Hélios 2A & 2B</a></li>

<li><a href="Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades IA & IB</a></li>

<li><a href="Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades Neo 3 & 4</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cerise_(satellite)" title="Cerise (satellite)">Cerise</a></li>

<li><a href="Cl%C3%A9mentine_(satellite)" title="Clémentine (satellite)">Clémentine</a></li>

<li><a href="Essaim_(satellite)" title="Essaim (satellite)">Essaim</a></li>

<li><a href="ELISA_(satellite)" title="ELISA (satellite)">Elisa (× 4)</a></li>

<li><a href="CERES_(satellite)" title="CERES (satellite)">CERES (× 3)</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li>

<li><a href="TanDEM-X" title="TanDEM-X">TanDEM-X</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">Cartosat-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">Cartosat-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">Cartosat-2A</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">Cartosat-2B</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">Cartosat-2C</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">Cartosat-2D</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">Cartosat-2E</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">Cartosat-2F</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">Cartosat-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">RISAT-1</a></li>

<li><a href="RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">RISAT-2</a></li>

<li><a href="RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">RISAT-2B</a></li>

<li><a href="RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">RISAT-2BR1</a></li>

<li><a href="EOS-04" title="EOS-04">RISAT-1A</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="TecSAR-1" title="TecSAR-1">Ofeq-8 (TecSAR)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ofeq-10" title="Ofeq-10">Ofeq-10 (TecSAR 2)</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-SkyMed</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="ANASIS-II" title="ANASIS-II">ANASIS-II</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Paz_(satellite)" title="Paz (satellite)">Paz</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="IMINT253" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-2" title="Göktürk-2">Göktürk-2</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-3" title="Göktürk-3">Göktürk-3</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Defence_Intelligence_Fusion_Centre#Carbonite-2" title="Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre">Carbonite-2</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_reconnaissance_satellites5568" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_reconnaissance_satellites5568" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">KH-1 Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">KH-2 Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">KH-3 Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">KH-4A Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="CORONA_(satellite)" title="CORONA (satellite)">KH-4B Corona</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-5_Argon" title="KH-5 Argon">KH-5 Argon</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-6_Lanyard" title="KH-6 Lanyard">KH-6 Lanyard</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-7_Gambit" title="KH-7 Gambit">KH-7 Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-8_Gambit_3" title="KH-8 Gambit 3">KH-8 Gambit 3</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-9_Hexagon" title="KH-9 Hexagon">KH-9 Hexagon</a></li>

<li><a href="Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">KH-10 Dorian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Samos_(satellite)" title="Samos (satellite)">Samos</a></li>

<li><a href="KH-11_KENNEN" title="KH-11 KENNEN">KH-11 Kennen</a></li>

<li><a href="Misty_(satellite_program)" title="Misty (satellite program)">Misty</a></li>

<li><a href="Enhanced_Imaging_System" title="Enhanced Imaging System">Enhanced Imaging System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Synthetic-aperture radar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quill_(satellite)" title="Quill (satellite)">Quill</a></li>

<li><a href="Lacrosse_(satellite)" title="Lacrosse (satellite)">Lacrosse</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Poppy_(satellite)" title="Poppy (satellite)">Poppy</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Ocean_Surveillance_System" title="Naval Ocean Surveillance System">White Cloud</a></li>

<li><a href="Samos-F" title="Samos-F">Samos-F</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Highly_elliptical_orbit" title="Highly elliptical orbit">Highly elliptical orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jumpseat_(satellite)" title="Jumpseat (satellite)">Jumpseat</a></li>

<li><a href="Trumpet_(satellite)" title="Trumpet (satellite)">Trumpet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous Earth orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canyon_(satellite)" title="Canyon (satellite)">Canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnum_(satellite)" title="Magnum (satellite)">Magnum</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Mentor (Orion)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercury_(satellite)" title="Mercury (satellite)">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquacade_(satellite)" title="Aquacade (satellite)">Rhyolite/Aquacade</a></li>

<li><a href="Vortex_(satellite)" title="Vortex (satellite)">Vortex</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynchronous_Space_Situational_Awareness_Program" title="Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program">GSSAP</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">MASINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">Primary mission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="FORTE" title="FORTE">FORTE</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">Secondary mission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Missile_Defense_Alarm_System" title="Missile Defense Alarm System">MIDAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Space-Based_Infrared_System" title="Space-Based Infrared System">SBIRS</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">R&D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Primary_mission234" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">Primary mission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="MiTEx" title="MiTEx">MiTEx</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="USA_number231" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">USA number</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Chinese_reconnaissance_satellites3708" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Chinese_reconnaissance_satellites3708" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="China" title="China">Chinese</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianhui_(satellite)" title="Tianhui (satellite)">Tianhui 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianhui_(satellite)" title="Tianhui (satellite)">Tianhui 2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianhui_(satellite)" title="Tianhui (satellite)">Tianhui 3</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianhui_(satellite)" title="Tianhui (satellite)">Tianhui 4</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 6</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 9</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 10</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 11</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 12</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 34</a></li>

<li>Ziyuan-2</li>

<li><a href="Ziyuan-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyuan-3">Ziyuan-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Jilin-1" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianyan-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyan-1">Tianyan-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianyan-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyan-2">Tianyan-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianyan-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianyan-5">Tianyan-5</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Synthetic-aperture radar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 5</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 7</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 29</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interferometric_synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar">Interferometric SAR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hongtu-1" title="Hongtu-1">Hongtu-1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">Qianshao-3</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Signals_intelligence#Electronic_signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">ELINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Jianbing 8</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">Early Warning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Early_Warning281" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;"><a href="Early_warning_system" title="Early warning system">Early Warning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">Huoyan-1</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russian_reconnaissance_satellites2700" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Russian_reconnaissance_satellites2700" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a></span></span> <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a></li>

<li><a href="Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit</a></li>

<li><a href="Orlets" title="Orlets">Orlets</a></li>

<li><a href="Yantar_(satellite)" title="Yantar (satellite)">Yantar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Yantar-4K2M" title="Yantar-4K2M">Kobalt</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Persona_(satellite)" title="Persona (satellite)">Persona</a></li>

<li><a href="Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li>

<li>Razbeg</li>

<li>Razdan</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Radar IMINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kondor_(satellite)" title="Kondor (satellite)">Kondor</a></li>

<li><a href="Kosmos_2553" title="Kosmos 2553">Neitron</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">ELINT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tselina_(satellite)" title="Tselina (satellite)">Tselina-2</a></li>

<li>Liana

<ul><li><a href="Kosmos_2524" title="Kosmos 2524">Lotos-S</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">MASINT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Secondary Mission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="Kosmos_(satellite)" title="Kosmos (satellite)">Kosmos</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a>

<ul><li>Australia</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li>

<li><a href="Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a>

<ul><li><a href="Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a>

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li>

<li><a href="Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li>

<li><a href="Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li>

<li><a href="Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li>

<li><a href="Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li>

<li><a href="Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li>

<li><a href="Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>

<ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3ASpaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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